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Unit 1
Unit 4
Unit 4- Legal and Regulatory Framework of M&A
Unit 3
UNIT 2
Unit-3 Deal Valuation and Evaluation
UNIT 1: Basics of Wealth Management and Investments
Unit 2: Risk – Return Analysis
UNIT 3 SECURITY ANALYSIS
UNIT 4: Portfolio Management & Estate Planning
Unit 1: Risk–Return Analysis, Bond Valuation & Fundamental Analysis
Unit 2: Share Valuation & Technical Analysis
Unit 3: Portfolio Analysis and Management
Unit 4 – Asset Pricing Models and Mutual Funds
Unit 1: Insurance and Risk
Unit 2: Insurance Principles & Risk Management
Unit 3: Insurance Company Operations
Unit 4: Important Aspects of Insurance Business Management
Unit 1: Greeks
Unit 2: Swaps & Interest Rate Futures
NPV vs. IRR
1. Introduction Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) are two widely used discounted cash flow (DCF) techniques for evaluating investment opportunities. While both consider the time value of money, they approach investment decisions from di...
Net Terminal Value
1. Introduction The Terminal Value (TV) method evaluates investments by explicitly considering the reinvestment of cash inflows at a certain rate of return until the end of a project. This approach contrasts with the Net Present Value (NPV) method, where cash ...
Cost of Capital: Meaning and concept
1. Introduction The cost of capital is a crucial concept in financial management, serving as a benchmark for investment decisions and a factor in determining a firm's financial policy. It is the minimum rate of return that a company must earn on its investment...
Measurement of cost of capital
1. Introduction The cost of capital, as a decision criterion, is an overall or combined cost, representing the composite cost of various sources of financing. Measuring it involves two key steps: Specific Costs: Calculating the cost of each individual source...
Cost of debt
1. Introduction Companies raise debt through various channels, including financial institutions, public deposits, and debentures (bonds). The interest rate and the conditions of issue (par, discount, or premium) directly affect the cost of this debt. This docu...
Cost of preference shares
1. Introduction The cost of preference shares represents the return expected by investors who hold these securities. While it's not a legally binding obligation like debt interest, firms typically prioritize paying preference dividends. Understanding the cost ...
Cost of equity shares
1. Introduction The cost of equity capital is the return that a company must provide to its equity shareholders. It is a critical factor in determining the overall cost of capital and making investment decisions. Equity shareholders invest with an expectation ...
Cost of Retained Earning
1. Introduction Retained earnings, the portion of a company's profits not distributed as dividends, represent an internal source of financing for investment proposals. Unlike debt, preference shares, and external equity, retained earnings do not involve a form...
Computation of overall cost of capital based on Historical and Market weights (WACC).
1. Introduction The overall cost of capital (WACC) is a composite or average cost, derived by combining the costs of individual sources of financing, weighted by their proportions in the company's capital structure. It is used as a hurdle rate for investment a...
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PESTEL Analysis: A Framework for Understanding the Business Environment
Author: Kyle Peterdy Powered by how to get embed code from youtube and casino uden rofus Introduction: A PESTEL analysis is a strategic framework used to evaluate the external macro-environmental factors that can impact a business or organization. It stands fo...
Cost Accounting and Financial Accounting
Types of Accounting Cost Accounting Cost accounting is a crucial part of any accounting system, focusing on measuring costs for managerial decision-making and financial reporting. It's the process of accounting for costs, specifically the economic resources ...
Basic Concepts and Conventions
Accounting principles are like the rules of the road for financial reporting. They ensure everyone understands the financial story being told. They're broadly categorized into Concepts and Conventions. What are Concepts? Concepts are fundamental ideas or assum...
The Accounting Equation: Keeping the Books Balanced
The accounting equation is the foundation of double-entry bookkeeping. It expresses the relationship between a company's assets, liabilities, and owner's equity. It's a simple but powerful tool that ensures the balance of your financial records. The Basic Equ...
Key Financial Terms
Understanding Key Financial Terms Let's break down some essential financial terms that are crucial for understanding how businesses operate. The Building Blocks: Assets, Liabilities, and Owner's Equity Imagine a business as a building. These three elements ar...
Golden Rules of Debit and Credit
The Golden Rules of Debit and Credit: Keeping the Accounting Equation Balanced The Golden Rules of Debit and Credit are the foundation of double-entry bookkeeping. They dictate how financial transactions are recorded to ensure the accounting equation (Assets =...
Recording transactions in General Journal
The General Journal is the first place where financial transactions are formally recorded in accounting. It's like your business's diary, documenting every financial event in chronological order. Think of it as the initial step before information is summarized...
Preparation of Ledger Accounts
What is Ledger? A Ledger records transactions from the journal and forms separate accounts for them in chronological order. A Ledger is a date-wise record of all the transactions related to a particular account. Ledgers are crucial sources of financial records...
Preparation of Trial Balance
Trial Balance: Checking Your Accounting Accuracy The Trial Balance is a crucial step in the accounting process. It's like a checkpoint that helps ensure your financial records are accurate and balanced. It lists all the account balances from your ledger and c...